Abstract:
Ticks of the genus Rhipicephalus are important parasites of livestock in the world.
Rhipicephalus ticks cause huge economic losses to cattle and have a great capacity to
develop resistance to chemical acaricides. There is the need therefore to develop
alternative strategies that could complement the existing control methods of this
ectoparasite. Entomopathogenic fungi are being considered as a promising option for
the control of ticks on-host and off-host. The aim of this study was to assess the
potential of using extracts from Calpurnia aurea as attractant in association with
Metarhizium anisopliae for the control of Rhipicephalus spp. as an affordable and
environmentally friendly technology. Experiments were first carried out to assess the
response of two tick species, Rhipicephalus pulchellus and R. appendiculatus to
different concentrations of extracts (acetone, aqueous and oil) of dry leaves of C.
aurea in both an inverted glass tube and a dual choice T-olfactometer. The oil extract
at the concentrations of 50 and 100 mg/ml attracted 46.7 and 65.9% of R.
appendiculatus, respectively, in the inverted glass tube assay, which was comparable
to the attraction-aggregation-attachment pheromone (AAAP) used as a check
(47.8%). The attraction of both tick species to plant extract was also tested in semifield
plot experiments using a trap baited with different concentrations of
emulsifiable extract of C. aurea. A dose of 100 mg/ml attracted 52.2% of R.
pulchellus and 44.4% of R. appendiculatus from a distance of 1 m, respectively,
while 14.4% of R. pulchellus and 12.2% of R. appendiculatus were attracted from 5
m distance. Addition of CO2 to the plant extract-baited trap at the dose of 100 mg/ml
xxiii
increased the range of attraction of adult R. pulchellus to 44.4% and to 33.3% of
adult R. appendiculatus tick from a distance of 5 m. The compatibility of the fungus
M. anisopliae with emulsifiable extract of C. aurea, and AAAP was evaluated in the
laboratory in terms of fungus vegetative growth, conidia production and viability.
Compared to AAAP which inhibited fungus vegetative growth and conidial viability,
emulsifiable formulation of the plant extract was compatible with the fungus at all
the concentrations tested. The prospects of attracting and infecting R. appendiculatus
ticks were evaluated in semi-field experiments. Ticks were released at various
distances and then attracted to the trap baited with a mixture of emulsifiable extract
and fungal conidia. Half of these ticks exposed to M. anisopliae were brought to the
laboratory and incubated at 26 ± 2 oC and 85 ± 5% RH. The other half was allowed
to feed on rabbit in order to evaluate the reproduction potential. Eighty three (83%)
per cent of the ticks brought to the lab died of fungal infection. Male R.
appendiculatus ticks were attracted and exposed to conidia in a plant extract-baited
trap. These males were collected and placed together for five weeks with
uncontaminated females in proportions of 1:1. This study showed that
autodissemination of fungal inoculum between R. appendiculatus ticks did occur
under semi-field conditions. The results of the current study revealed that C. aurea
extracts with M. anisopliae in a trap system can potentially be used as an
environmentally friendly and low cost strategy to control Rhipicephalus ticks in the
field.
