Disclosure as an Interpersonal Communication Strategy in Depression Management among University Students in Kenya

Abstract

Depression and anxiety are pervasive issues affecting college students globally. Over the past decade, media coverage has spotlighted the psychological struggles of this demographic, highlighting tragic events such as school shootings, suicides, alcohol abuse, and sexual assaults. In Kenya, studies indicate that over 40% of university students exhibit depressive symptoms, underscoring the urgency of addressing this issue. Depression significantly contributes to the global burden of disease, impacting communities worldwide at social, economic, and clinical levels. Despite the existence of evidence-based strategies, such as interpersonal psychotherapy, which relies heavily on communication between therapists and patients, the prevalence of depression and associated suicides among students continues to rise. This study explored the role of disclosure as an interpersonal communication strategy in managing depression among university students in Kenya. Specifically, it examined the effects of self-disclosure, disclosure by others, and therapist disclosure on depression management, while also considering the moderating influence of socio demographic factors. Employing a mixed-methods research design, the study combined quantitative and qualitative approaches. A sample of 384 students was systematically selected from a population of 44,000 students at JKUAT (Jomo Kenyatta University of Agriculture and Technology), focusing on those who had attended counseling sessions. Additionally, four counselors from the university were conveniently selected to provide qualitative insights. The study found that self disclosure significantly contributed to better depression management, with students reporting improved emotional well-being through open communication about their struggles. Furthermore, disclosure by others and reciprocal sharing of personal experiences also played a crucial role in providing emotional support and fostering a culture of openness. Socio-demographic factors, such as gender and socio-economic status, were found to moderate the effectiveness of these disclosure strategies, with female students being more likely to engage in self-disclosure than their male counterparts. Based on the findings of this study, several recommendations are made to improve the management of depression among university students, with a focus on disclosure practices and the role of social demographic factors. Universities should promote environments that encourage self-disclosure, offer peer counseling programs xix to facilitate therapist disclosure, and develop personalized mental health support systems tailored to the diverse needs of students, considering factors like age, gender, culture, religion, and personality. These strategies would help students manage depression more effectively through open, reciprocal sharing in safe and supportive environments. Additionally, areas for further research include exploring other interpersonal communication strategies such as emotional expression, active listening, and support-seeking behaviors. Future studies should also examine the role of social support networks, including family, peers, and counselors, in shaping depression management strategies. Comparative studies across different student populations and cultural contexts could provide a broader understanding of how contextual factors influence the effectiveness of disclosure practices. Longitudinal research could further explore the long-term impact of disclosure practices on mental health and coping strategies.