Assessment of Occupational Hazards and their Impacts: A Case Study of Metal Working Jua Kali Sector in Nakuru Town, Kenya

Abstract

In many developing countries the conditions under which most of the workers in informal (Jua kali) enterprises operate are precarious and unsafe. Many workplaces in the informal sector have some inherent hazards. Informal sector workers often lack personal protective equipments and clothing. Multiple exposures to different hazards are mainly due to poor housekeeping and congestion in the workplaces. Occupational hazards lead to negative health and economic consequences on workers and on other persons in the proximity of working area. In this study occupational hazards and their associated impacts on metal workers in Nakuru town were assessed. Survey research design was used in the study and a target sample size of 288 was obtained using Yamane (1967:886) formula. Data were collected by a combination of questionnaires, observations and measurements at various Jua kali workplaces. Data analysis was carried out using descriptive and inferential statistics and presented in tables, graphs and descriptions. The study shows that cutting (20%), impacts (17%) and crushing (16%) are the most common mechanical hazards while welding fumes (40%), paints and solvents (35%) are the main chemical hazards in many Jua kali establishments. The use of uninsulated cables or cables with worn-out insulations (83.1%) was seen to be the leading electrical hazard. In regard to work related illnesses, stress (20.1%) fatigue (19.2%) and low back pain (15.9%) were observed to be the most frequent. Occupational injuries in this sector include cuts (20%), punctures (18%) and abrasions (17%). As relates to economic impacts, it was established that many workers have occasioned lost wages (93.2%), property damage (84.6%) and reduced working efficiency (80.1%) a as result of workplace incidences. The study shows that the micro and small enterprises in the informal sector are burdened with a wide variety of hazards which are related to their activities. The results of the study showed that majority of Jua kali artisans (85.5%) have little knowledge and training in occupational safety and health. In order to reduce work-related risks, it is proposed that the greater share of the health burden of occupational risks should be addressed by improving hygiene, ergonomics, work organization and hand tools safety. It is also recommended that interventions such as trainings to improve health and safety awareness and welfare among Jua kali workers be carried out.