Abstract:
The purpose of this study was to examine the relationship between strategic planning and
performance of Information Communications and Technology (ICT) Small and Medium
Enterprises (SMEs) in Kenya. While most countries acknowledge the critical role that ICT SMEs
contribute to their economies, both as an engine of growth and sustainable development, ICT
SMEs experience many challenges that affect both their performance and sustainability.
Theoretical literature suggests that strategic planning is an essential activity that generates
positive outcomes for firms of all sizes. However, the results of the previous studies examining
the relationship between strategic planning and firm performance have been inconclusive and has
had mixed results. Similarly, strategic planning measures have lacked precision and consistency
and many studies have focused on financial measures and ignored non-financial measures. The
specific objectives of the study therefore, included determining the influence of strategic
planning combined processes and actions on learning and growth, internal business processes,
competitive advantage, and financial profitability of ICT SMEs performance. In addition, the
study investigated whether environmental factors and organisational characteristics have
moderating effects on the strategic planning performance outcomes. A descriptive and
correlation design were used. The study used primary data gathered from SMEs top, middle and
lower management employees. A total sample of 146 ICT SMEs constituting 61% of the total
population was selected. Stratified random sampling was used to select the SMEs according to
age category. Two hundred and thirty nine (239) responses were received from 123 ICT firms
hence achieving a response rate of 55% and 84.2 % respectively. Data analysis was done using
SPSS software version 20.0 and analysis tools comprised descriptive analysis, factor analysis, t-
test, ANOVA, correlation, correlation matrixes and regression analysis. The results of the
regression analysis revealed that strategic planning processes and actions are significant predictors of ICT SMES business performance and explain 24.1% improvement in learning and
growth, 17.1% increase in internal business processes performance, 17% performance
improvement in firm competitive advantage. In addition, strategic planning was found to have
low but positive influence on financial profitability and explain 1% of its increase. The
moderating effect of environmental factors on the strategic planning performance outcomes was
found to be positive but insignificant, while organisational characteristics was found to have
positive and moderate influence on strategic planning performance outcomes. This study
concludes that effective strategic planning processes and actions have significant influence on
ICT SMEs performance, and is a learning tool and a strategic resource. The study recommends
that ICT SMEs entrepreneurs’ and managers should focus their efforts on building their
capabilities to develop and implement effective strategic planning activities. Policy makers and
academicians may need to address the capacity needs of SMEs and develop strategic planning
model that address the challenges that SMEs encounter in a dynamic environment. This study
was limited by its sample size, industrial coverage and location. There is scope for further
refining the instrument, criteria and operationalisation and assessing the scope of strategic
planning in SMEs on large scale and providing comparatives between sectors, geographical areas
or business in various stages of development.